All about the C# Programming Language

Year of Creation?: 2000. C# is the main programming language of the Microsoft .NET framework and has had millions of dollars spent developing and promoting it. In under 6 years it has become a rising star and may yet rise to rival Java. Why was C# Invented?: Because Sun wouldnt allow Microsoft to make changes to Java. Microsoft had had a product Visual J but the changes they had made upset Sun and so it came to a halt. What is C# used for?: All sorts of applications ranging from computer games, utilities, Operating Systems and compilers. There are also web based applications running on the asp.net platform. What versions of C# are there?: The current version is 2.0 and that came out with Microsoft Visual Studio 2005. Version 3.0 is being developed. Does C# present any problems for novice Programmers?: C# is a comprehensive language with many advanced features, especially in version 2.0 such as generics. To get the best out of C#, knowledge of Object Oriented Programming is essential. Syntactically it has a lot in common with Java. How would you sum up C#?: C# is a modern programming language and is really only rivalled by Java. It does though require the .NET framework on Windows. There remains a substantial body of code written in C and it seems that C# will coexist with C rather than replace it. C# is an ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association) and ISO standard and this has allowed other implementations such as the Linux project Mono to happen.

Case2-Loewen Group-Capital Structure - 9064 Words

rP os t 9-201-082 REV: MARCH 4, 2002 op yo The Loewen Group, Inc. (Abridged) In March 1999, John Lacey and the management team at the Loewen Group, Inc., had to decide what course of action to take in light of the company’s imminent financial difficulties. On January 22, 1999, Lacey, a renowned turnaround specialist, was appointed chairman of Loewen, the second largest death care company in North America. Headquartered in Burnaby, British Columbia, Loewen owned over 1,100 funeral homes and more than 400 cemeteries in the U.S. and Canada; it also owned 32 funeral homes in the United Kingdom. The company had come a long way since its modest beginnings in Canada, where Ray Loewen, the founder (and, until recently,†¦show more content†¦This document is authorized for use only by Lawrence He until February 2012. Copying or posting is an infringement of copyright. Permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or 617.783.7860. The Loewen Group, Inc. (Abridged) rP os t 201-082 Loewen had not yet missed any payments on its debt, and had approximately $30 million of cash on hand. However, this would not be sufficient to meet several large interest and principal payments that were due over the coming months. A payment default would only make negotiations with creditors more difficult, and increase the likelihood of bankruptcy. This possibility would no doubt weigh heavily on the managers’ minds as they turned to the important task of restructuring the company’s debts. The Death Care Business op yo The primary activities of death care firms include the provision of funeral, burial, and cremation services, and related products like cemetery plots, caskets, urns, and gravesite markers. Funeral services and cemetery plots can be sold either on an â€Å"at-need† basis (i.e., at the time of death), or on a â€Å"prearranged† or â€Å"pre-need† basis. In the latter case, payment for a funeral service or cemetery plot is made in advance, and the proceeds are either held in trust or invested in an insurance policy (that names the death care firm as beneficiary). tC

Qué esperar cuando un migrante es detenido por la migra

En Estados Unidos, los migrantes indocumentados pueden ser detenidos por las autoridades migratorias. Ademà ¡s, en casos especà ­ficos los migrantes que se encuentran legalmente en el paà ­s pueden tambià ©n ser detenidos e iniciarse contra ellos un proceso de deportacià ³n. Puntos clave: migrantes detenidos ICE puede detener a migrantes legales por felonà ­as y a los indocumentados por felonà ­as o violaciones migratorias. Estar ilegalmente en EE.UU. es una violacià ³n migratoria.ICE decide quià ©n espera detenido a que se resuelva su caso o cuà ¡ndo pide fianza, entrega un grillete o da libertad bajo palabra. Los migrantes pueden pedir una vista para fianza ante un juez.En la actualidad, los casos de deportacià ³n que se resuelven en corte migratoria se demoran una media de ocho aà ±os.Los tiempos varà ­an segà ºn la ubicacià ³n de la Corte.  ¿Cuà ¡les son las causas por las que los migrantes pueden ser detenidos por Inmigracià ³n? Las causas de la detencià ³n dependen del estatus migratorio del migrante. Asà ­, los residentes permanentes legales solo pueden ser detenidos por las autoridades migratorias si comenten ciertas felonà ­as. Por otra parte, otros extranjeros con estatus legal en EE.UU. pueden tener problemas migratorios por cometer delitos o violaciones migratorias. Por à ºltimo, los migrantes indocumentados pueden ser detenidos por delitos o violaciones migratorias o, simplemente, por carecer de estatus migratorio legal en el paà ­s.  ¿Cuà ¡ndo puede detenerse a un migrante y quià ©n? Los migrantes pueden ser detenidos por ICE o por otra autoridad y puestos posteriormente a disposicià ³n de ICE. Por ejemplo, los indocumentados pueden ser detenidos al cruzar ilegalmente la frontera, al presentarse sin papeles en un puesto fronterizo y reclamar asilo, en una inspeccià ³n por ICE de lugares de trabajo, en retenes en carretera a menos de 100 millas de la frontera, en controles en las cortes migratorias, etc. Cabe destacar en este punto que ninguna autoridad puede ingresar en los hogares de un migrante si no tiene una orden de arresto emitida por un juez. Tambià ©n pueden ser detenidos si son arrestados por cualquier autoridad local o estatal por delitos y tambià ©n por faltas, como por ejemplo manejar bajo la influencia del alcohol. Despuà ©s de ese arresto, se le toman las huellas digitales y se comparan con bases de datos federales. En ese momento, Inmigracià ³n puede detectar si la persona arrestada tiene una orden de deportacià ³n pendiente, tiene un I-94 expirado o carece de rà ©cord migratorio, lo cual en el caso de ser extranjero podrà ­a indicar que ingresà ³ al paà ­s ilegalmente Cuando Inmigracià ³n detecta uno de estos casos puede decidir emitir un hold o detainer que significa que la autoridad local o estatal debe retener ese migrante por un plazo mà ¡ximo de 48 horas y entregarlo a ICE, si ese es el interà ©s de esta agencia. Sin embargo, en las autoridades locales o estatales pueden decidir no cumplir con ese hold. Finalmente, los residentes permanentes legales pueden ser detenidos por ICE al acabar de cumplir una sentencia penal. Trà ¡mites inmediatos cuando ICE detiene a un migrante Una vez que un migrante està ¡ bajo custodia de ICE, como regla general, esto es lo que sucede: el agente a cargo del caso llena formularios burocrà ¡ticos de carà ¡cter internose llena  un informe que es el equivalente al reporte del arrestose toma la foto del arrestadoy tambià ©n se le toman las huellas digitales A continuacià ³n se comprueban las fotos y las huellas contra dos bases de datos enormes: IAFIS, que es del FBI, e IDENT que es del Departamento de Seguridad  Interna (DHS, por sus siglas en inglà ©s). En aproximadamente en un par de horas se obtienen los resultados y asà ­ se sabe si la persona arrestada tiene un pasado criminal, de violaciones migratorias, si ha utilizado otro nombre, si està ¡ buscado por las autoridades, etc. Sin embargo, ICE no realiza dichos trà ¡mites cuando el migrante ya està © identificado. Por ejemplo, cuando està ¡ ya en la cà ¡rcel o cuando se notifica a Inmigracià ³n de que ha sido arrestado o detenido y las autoridades migratorias emiten un detainer o hold. Decisiones de ICE: detenido o en libertad ICE toma dos decisiones que son fundamentales. Por un lado, decide cuà ¡les son los cargos, es decir, de quà © se le acusa al inmigrante. Por otro lado, ICE decide si deja en libertad al migrante mientras se tramita su caso y si le pide una fianza o establece otro medio de control,  o, por el contrario, debe continuar detenido mientras no se resuelve su situacià ³n. Para decidir si se le deja en libertad o no se tienen en cuenta factores como: el riesgo que el arrestado puede ser para la sociedad. Asà ­, los criminales van a quedar detenidos.el riesgo de que el arrestado se escape o de que no se presente a una cita con las autoridades de inmigracià ³n. ICE suele dejar en libertad a los residentes permanentes legales que han sido detenidos por una accià ³n que no es un delito agravado. Tambià ©n quedan frecuentemente en libertad mientras se tramita su caso las embarazadas y mujeres o familias acompaà ±adas por nià ±os que acaban de cruzar ilegalmente la frontera. Asimismo, los cuidadores principales de una persona que no puede valerse por sà ­ mismas. Y, finalmente, los indocumentados que llevan tiempo viviendo en Estados Unidos pero no tienen rà ©cord criminal ni orden previa de deportacià ³n  y se considera que no son un riesgo de fuga. Por ejemplo, porque tienen hijos que son ciudadanos estadounidenses. El hecho de que frecuentemente esas categorà ­as de personas sean puestas en libertad no quiere decir que las autoridades migratorias està ©n obligadas a hacerlo. En la prà ¡ctica, hay ademà ¡s otras consideraciones, como por ejemplo, el nà ºmero de camas disponibles en un determinado momento en los centros de detencià ³n. Cabe destacar que los migrantes pueden ser enviados a centros alejados de su lugar de residencia o del punto por el que ingresaron ilegalmente al paà ­s. Si ICE pone en libertad al migrante mientras se resuelve caso Pueden darse los siguientes supuestos: OR: es decir, se le deja libre hasta que se resuelva el caso siendo suficiente la palabra del inmigrante de que no va a ignorar las citaciones de Inmigracià ³n.   Brazalete o grillete en el tobillo de vigilancia o lo que se conoce en inglà ©s como Alternative to Detention (ATD). En la prà ¡ctica supone una situacià ³n de arresto domiciliario. Ademà ¡s, son frecuentes las quejas por incomodidad o heridas que causan en el tobillo. Otras formas de control de que el migrante en libertad con caso pendiente no se desaparece son el uso de telà ©fonos que reconocen la voz o de aplicaciones que realizan reconocimientos faciales. Fianza migratoria: no puede ser inferior a los $1,500 pero puede ser muy superior a esa cantidad. Antes de dejar a una persona libre bajo fianza se mira y mucho si tiene historial criminal. Los extranjeros que no son residentes permanentes legales y que han cometido un delito considerado agravado no pueden beneficiarse de las fianzas. Si no se tiene el dinero para una fianza, es posible acudir a una empresa autorizada para este tipo de asuntos. Sin embargo, cabe destacar que las condiciones pueden ser duras. Frecuentemente exigen que el migrante lleve un grillete con GPS que comunica a la empresa en todo momento donde se encuentra. Los migrantes pueden verse forzados a firmar contratos largos en inglà ©s que no entienden y a pagar una cuota de inicio de contrato, el 20 por ciento del total de la fianza mà ¡s $420 al mes por el uso del grillete. Si ICE decide que el migrante debe seguir detenido Todos los migrantes pasan a estar bajo la custodio del ICE en su rama que se conoce como ERO (Office of Enforcement Removal Operations). ERO tiene  centros de detencià ³n repartidos por todo el territorio de los Estados Unidos, si bien la mayorà ­a està ¡ en los estados fronterizos con Mà ©xico. Los centros de detencià ³n pueden pertenecer al gobierno federal, a los estados o departamentos policiales locales e, incluso, a empresas privadas.   Los detenidos son distribuidos segà ºn el nà ºmero de espacio disponible en cada centro de detencià ³n  y tambià ©n teniendo en cuenta: si son menores que han llegado sin la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de un adulto y han sido arrestados tras cruzar ilegalmente la frontera.se separa hombres de mujeres  y tambià ©n se intenta separar  a los que tienen un pasado criminal de los que no lo tienen La consecuencia de ello es que personas arrestadas, por ejemplo, cruzando ilegalmente en Texas, se las envà ­a a un centro de detencià ³n en Arizona (alejado, pero tambià ©n en la frontera sur) o se les embarca en un vuelo y se les envà ­a a un lugar tan lejano como puede ser Massachusetts. Si està ¡n detenidos podrà ¡n realizar una llamada local gratuita a un familiar, abogado o ONG. A continuacià ³n deberà ¡ pagar por todas las llamadas, para lo cual los familiares pueden enviarle dinero al centro de detencià ³n. En este punto, el migrante que permanece detenido puede solicitar a una vista ante un juez migratorio para que se establezca una fianza para quedar libre mientras se tramita el caso o para pedir una rebaja a la misma, si es que ya ha sido fijada. Cargos que se establecen contra el inmigrante Tanto si el migrante està ¡ detenido como si se le ha dejado en libertad, Inmigracià ³n inicia un procedimiento de deportacià ³n en su contra que puede ser notificado mediante uno de los dos documentos. Por un lado, una carta que se conoce como Notice of Appear (NTA). Se le puede dar al inmigrante en persona o enviarse  por correo. En la carta, ademà ¡s de establecerse los cargos, se seà ±ala que debe presentarse en una corte de inmigracià ³n en fecha y hora estipulada.   Por otro, un Warrant of Arrest. Este es otro documento en el que se seà ±ala el tipo de acusacià ³n. Es muy comà ºn en los casos de indocumentados agarrados recià ©n ingresando ilegalmente a Estados Unidos. Tanto los que està ¡n en libertad como los detenidos se enfrentan a un proceso de remocià ³n, que puede tomar formas distintas. Por ejemplo, deportacià ³n, salida voluntaria, procedimiento de remocià ³n rà ¡pido, etc. Va a depender del tipo de cargo, de la forma de llegada al paà ­s y, en este à ºltimo caso, de si tiene mucho tiempo de presencia en Estados Unidos y està ¡ asentado y no tiene rà ©cord criminal. El migrante, por su parte, puede estar de acuerdo o intentar ganar el caso solicitando un alivio como puede ser el asilo, VAWA, cancelacià ³n de la deportacià ³n, etc. En todos los casos, es aconsejable contactar con un buen abogado de migracià ³n porque su intervencià ³n es importante a la hora de incrementar las oportunidades para ganar un caso. Segà ºn un estudio del American Immigration Council, solo un 2 por ciento de los migrantes sin abogado ganan los casos de deportacià ³n. Consejos para comunicarse con un detenido y para obtener la mejor defensa Si se sospecha que una persona extranjera ha sido detenida y està ¡ bajo la custodia de las autoridades de inmigracià ³n existe un procedimiento para intentar averiguar su paradero. Si encuentra que està ¡ efectivamente recluido en un centro de detencià ³n y està ¡ en Texas, se puede buscar informacià ³n sobre detenidos como por ejemplo sobre cà ³mo comunicarse por telà ©fono. Ademà ¡s es extremadamente importante buscar un abogado migratorio.  Para los migrantes que llevan muchos aà ±os en Estados Unidos, verificar si està ¡n con  proteccià ³n 245(i) para migrantes con peticiones muy antiguas a su favor. Si no se puede pagar, hacer el esfuerzo de encontrar uno que actà ºe pro bono (sin cobrar) o al menos consultar con una organizacià ³n de apoyo a inmigrantes reputada.   En el caso de migrantes mexicanos, desde prisià ³n se puede  marcar gratis al centro de la CIAM.  Entre otros servicios que brindan, el detenido puede solicitar que contacten con sus familiares en los Estados Unidos o Mà ©xico. Deportacià ³n desde los Estados Unidos Si se produce una deportacià ³n, es importante conocer cuà ¡l  es el castigo, si la intencià ³n del migrante es regresar a Estados Unidos. En algunas ocasiones serà ¡ posible solicitar el perdà ³n I-212. Incluso es posible que sea necesario pedir conjuntamente otro perdà ³n mà ¡s. En este punto es fundamental estar bien asesorados, ya que hay muchas personas sin escrà ºpulos que asegurar poder arreglar el problema a cambio de una importante cantidad de dinero y al final resulta que todo es un fraude. En todo caso, lo que hay que evitar es ingresar ilegalmente a Estados Unidos despuà ©s de una deportacià ³n porque eso produce una situacià ³n de prohibicià ³n permanente.   Este artà ­culo tiene una finalidad meramente informativa. No es consejo legal.

Sketches from the Life of a Free Black - 1023 Words

Our Nig; or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black was originally published in Boston in 1859 by G. C. Rand Avery. This autobiography was written by Harriet E. Wilson, who lived the life told in this novel apart from some minor fictionalized parts. Her story was not widely known to most due to it speaking bad about the North and how they were against slavery but kept indentured servants. This novel was discovered by an African American scholar, Henry Louis Gates Jr., who was researching African American authors and their novels. He had it re-published in 1983 by Random House, Inc. in New York, and deemed it as the first African-American novel published in the United States. This autobiography is about a young girl named Frado, who was born free but when her mother Mag and step-father Seth abandoned her, she was forced into being an indentured servant for the family she was left with. Mag was a white woman who became an outcast after she bore a child out of wed-lock. The child only live but a few short weeks before she passed away; Mag found it to be a blessing for the child couldn’t be taunted for her mother’s mistake. After leaving the town that looked down upon her, she met and befriended a black man named Jim, he later convinced her to marry him, which in this 19th century society put her even lower on the totem-poll. Together they had two beautiful mulatto children, Frado and a son whose name was never mentioned in the book. After a couple of years of beingShow MoreRelatedResponses to Our Nig; or Sketches from the Life of a Free Black, in a Two Story White House, North884 Words   |  4 PagesOur nig which is the name given to a free black slave, even though this name was given to a slave that was free did not mean you were free. This story exposes how the racial dynamics of slavery are replicated in the interracial encounters outside slavery. Our Nig was a story of a slave that fit under this category of not being free when freedom existed. In this passage I will give my critical analysis of my interpretation of Our Nig Frado who was abandoned by her mother and left at the hands ofRead More Captivity Narratives - Our Nig and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson974 Words   |  4 PagesRowlandson  Ã‚   Our Nig; or Sketches from the life of a Free Black and   A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson   Harriet Wilson’s and Mary Rowlandson’s captivity narratives have three things in common.   First, they have a theme of sustaining faith in God throughout their trials.   Secondly, they portray their captors as savages.   Finally, they all demonstrate the isolation felt by the prisoner.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Our Nig: or, Sketches from the Life of a Free Black by Harriet Wilson is theRead MoreFrederick Douglass and Harriet Wilsons Anger toward Northerners584 Words   |  3 Pagesthem did not have a genuine concern for the Blacks. 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Much of the literaryRead MoreSlave Narratives, By Harriet E. Wilson And The Fascinating Narrative Life Of Olaudah Equiano1173 Words   |  5 Pagesdiverse, supporting a variety of perspectives and experiences that often have little in common other than the experience of slavery. In fact, even this experience varies greatly from one narrative to another. Two slave narratives which highlight this fact are Our Nig by Harriet E. Wilson and The Interesting Narrative Life of Olaudah Equiano by Olaudah Equiano. These two narratives demonstrate the ways that the perspectives in slave narratives can differ tremendously. A comparison of these two narrativesRead MoreThe Fiction Film District 9 And The Novel Dawn1244 Words   |  5 Pagessense of learning and rejection from both species. The science-fiction film and literature have not changed as many still reveal humanization with alienation in relation to our society. The artist of the science-fiction history has brought historic stories that relate to real life experiences that will hope to reflect a positive social structure. In the works of communication, slavery stands as an option for both humans and aliens. In this paper I will examine from the science-fiction film DistrictRead MoreMirrored Worlds1566 Words   |  7 Pages(Captivity narrative). Rowlandson starts her narrative with the day of her capture, February 10, 1675. She very descriptively tells of friends and family who are murdered before her eyes and how she and her children are taken up by the Native Am ericans from their own home in Lancaster. She explains the ordeal by saying, â€Å"Now away we must go with those Barbarous Creatures, with our bodies wounded and bleeding, and our hearts no less than our bodies† (Rowlandson 121). In this line Rowlandson is sharingRead MoreJane E. Wilson And Fanny Fern1471 Words   |  6 PagesPride is a broad character trait that has both positives and negatives associated with it. The way one goes about confronting the hurdles in their life determines how others will perceive them. The wrong kind of pride can have serious negative ramifications on one’s life. While not a hard and fast rule, often characters of lower class tend to be written to show positive pride and work through their struggles, while the people of a higher class show a negative pride that limits the before mentionedRead MoreCrossroads at Clarksdale by Francoise Hamlin1108 Words   |  4 Pages Crossroads at Clarksdale by Francoise Hamlin sketches the struggle to freedom for African Americans in Clarksdale, MS. Hamlin shares the stories of two successful African Americans at the forefront and how they work to become leaders in Clarksdale. From the 1950’s to the 1970s, college students, numerous organizations, and campaigns for social transformation fought hard battles for social and economic justice. In an attempt to withstand the social prejudices that were highly advocated in MississippiRead MorePuma Clever Little Bag : A Firm Led By Yves Behar- Yves Behar758 Words   |  4 PagesThe leaping puma logo depicts the dashing corporate image of the company. The logo is the sign of courage, challenge and stability. The power and energy is reflected in all the products of puma. It showcases the reliability and its reputation. The black color used in the puma logo is the depiction of company’s supremacy and self-belief. It evokes the confidence in the heart of the athletes in the world. The bold font in the puma logo depicts the company’s stability and dominance. Though the brand

A Communist Society Essay example - 1053 Words

A Communist Society A communist society is very different than the society Americans find themselves living in today. Communism is a term of ancient origin and is not a form of political party, but a type of socialism where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Therefore, the individual members of this, foreign, society blend into one greater populist all striving to succeed the same goal. In a communist neighborhood everyone shares and there is no wealth, or poverty, no social status at all. This concept of communism comes from a man, Karl Marx, the author of The Communist Manifesto. He shares his ideas of a utopian society and how to achieve it. For Karl Marx the individual man is a being he has the power†¦show more content†¦In socialist (the political party of the communist people) communities or countries, the family has been excluded from the economy and politics, as by to solidify their roles in the communist ideas and stay out of the picture. The idea to exclude the family from the economic front is one idea that has been borrowed from capitalist societies. Family is out of the economic picture simply because the family as a whole has no capital creating possibilities and therefore has no need to be classified economically. (Zaretsky 24) the inclusion of family would have been Marxs intended theme had this been in the pre-capitalist era, Zaretsky writes.(25-26) In this picture of family life the wife is at home cooking dinner watching the children and the husband is off working and bringing home the bacon is typically what is expected in a communist home. So the need is none existent for family and e conomy to enter-mingle. In communism no matter if your a doctor or a laborer your wife or you need not a second job, for the community and government should provide all that is needed by you and your family. With this the picture of the role of family in communist society is clear, they have no need stick their nose out into the world. (Capitalism, the Family, and Personal Life) Education is a tricky subject when discussing it through aShow MoreRelatedEssay Society at the Time of the Communist Manifesto1358 Words   |  6 PagesSociety at the Time of the Communist Manifesto Much was going on in society at the time the Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Society was undergoing many changes and issues, and many events took place as a result of this. To many people in England it seemed that the middle class was taking control—and Marx and Engels agreed in the Communist Manifesto. 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For God And Home And Native Land free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper For God and Home and Native Land In Illinois during the twelvemonth 1900, moderation and prohibition were outstanding issues on the societal and political phase. The moderation motion found most of its disciples in middle-class adult females. Urban adult females saw the linkages between poorness and alcohol addiction, while many rural adult females were cognizant of how the isolation of farm life amplified the horrors of intoxicant maltreatment. The moderation motion was straight related to the adult females # 8217 ; s right to vote motion traveling on across the state. The moderation motion enabled the adult females of 1900 to show their sentiment on a affair of importance ( Early WCTU pg 1 ) . Many people of Illinois did non experience that adult females should talk out about what they believed in. A illustration of this is shown in an interview with Mark Hanna, who was a high authorities functionary in 1900. He said, ? If adult females are traveling to blow their chances over inferior work for which in they are unfitted they will neglect in the grosser project of caucuses and political campaigns. We will write a custom essay sample on For God And Home And Native Land or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ? His sentiment was that adult females had no right in showing their beliefs and that they should remain at place and rear kids alternatively of seeking to alter the universe ( Hanna on Women Suffrage pg 2 ) . However, that did non halt the adult females of 1900. Many local brotherhoods of the Women? s Christian Temperance Union were formed and attended by local adult females. A brotherhood in Springfield, Illinois was led by Mrs. Aaron Anthony. At each of the brotherhood meetings, a devotional was conducted. Many competitions and charities were besides given in order to assist raise money for the cause. Addresss were besides given by the members on topics of importance to them ( Temperance Union: Local Organization Entertained at the Home of Mrs. Aaron Anthony pg 6 ) . Many adult females took Carrie Nation as an illustration and went and stood in bars and sang anthem until everyone who entered was excessively ashamed to imbibe. They besides petitioned against the intoxicant. Historians say that the adult females picked alcohol as a subject because intoxicant was known to destruct places. This is the one thing that adult females were allowed to hold strong feelings on because their occupation was to run the place ( Schwarz, Frederic D. pg 108 ) . During November of 1900 the President of the Women? s Christian moderation Union came and visited local brotherhoods and praised them for their trueness to the great cause of halting the traffic of elating drinks throughout the United States of America. Mrs. Ada Wallace UnRuh was among the older organisers and was honored with the election of president of the Women? s Christian Temperance Union for 1897-1900. Talking to a local brotherhood she said of her work, ? I am merely a simple adult female, dead in earnest, with something to state and so dying that people should hear what it that I must state it every bit beautifully as I can. ? Many adult females of Illinois in 1900 were thrilled with the thought of meeting such a adult female so valuable to the white thread cause ( Woman and Home pg 3 ) . The anti- canteen motion was dedicated to the remotion of alcoholic drinks on an army base. Many besides the Women? s Christian Temperance Union were opposed to this. On May 15, 1900 the Methodist churchs of Illinois held conference in Chicago and expressed their hurt of the canteen. They told of their great letdown in President McKinley when the study stated, ? Upon the President, as commander-in-chief of our ground forces, rests the duty for the canteen barroom, an immorality which he has simple power to suppress. ? The conference ALSs o stated that the church would be determined to stop this act of evilness against a state which was founded on God ( Anti-Canteen Law Comes Up pg 3 ) . Southern Illinois was particularly of import in the moderation of intoxicant. Carbondale was at the clip a dry town. Dr. Keeley, who was a physician set out determined to assist people be set free from the enticement of intoxicant, set up a clinic for alkies at that place. In this clinic, patients were easy treated and so released into Carbondale which was ideal for the clinic ( Allen, John W. pg 375-376 ) . Not all moderation motions were after? devil intoxicant? . Many lesser known motions besides took topographic point in Illinois during 1900. Miss Lucy Page Gaston of Peoria was good known throughout Illinois as an first-class reform worker. During the twelvemonth 1900, she was particularly runing against coffin nails. On May 14, 1900 Miss Gaston went to the Evanston High School and gave the misss a talk about her anti- coffin nail motion. When told that all of the 200 misss knew person who smoked coffin nails, she asked who would give up that familiarity in order to halt the spread of coffin nail usage in America. Merely two of the 200 said they would. What she said in response to that stood as a cardinal inquiry throughout the moderation motion. ? Is at that place non one here who is brave plenty to make what she knows is right ( Cigarette Crusade pg 4 ) ? ? In malice of the moderation motion, many people did non hold to prohibition ( Not a Foe to the Canteen pg1 ) . At the terminal of the nineteenth century, Americans spent over a billion dollars on alcoholic drinks each twelvemonth, compared with $ 900 million on meat, and less than $ 200 million on public instruction ( Early WCTU pg 1 ) . This besides was displayed in one adult male? s statement, ? Beer is older than clip? ( Schwarz, Frederic D. pg 109 ) . The moderation motion had started a decennary earlier during the adult females? s campaigns. Led by Francis Willard, the moderation motion became a great political issue. Public sentiment was strongly in favour of prohibition, but the authorities was loath to implement the Prohibition Act, in portion because the sale of Liquor was a major beginning of revenue enhancement income. A decennary after 1900 was when prohibition was eventually deriving land in? the adult male? s universe of political relations? ( Temperance Movement to Meet pg 1 ) . In 1900, Illinois was a conflict land for what the following century would turn out, that adult females be able to show their thoughts and sentiments on political subjects without being named aggressive or unladylike ( Club Women of Today pg 4 ) . Allen, John W. Legends and Lore of Southern Illinois. New York: Vail-Ballou Press, 1963. ? Anti-Canteen Law Comes Up. ? Illinois State Journal. 27 May 1900: 3 ? Cigarette Crusades. ? Illinois State Journal. 16 May 1900: 4 ? Club Women of Today. ? Illinois State Journal. 16 May 1900:4 ? Early Women? s Christian Temperance Union. ? hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wctu.org/earlyhistory.htm. 18 November 2000 ? Hanna on Woman Suffrage. ? Du Quoin Weekly Tribune. 6 July 1900: 2 ? Not a Foe to the Canteen. ? Du Quoin Weekly Tribune. 5 October 1900: 1 Schwarz, Frederic D. ? The Time Machine. ? American Heritage. May 2000: 107-110 ? Temperance Movement to Meet. ? ? ? Chicago Tribune. 16 November 1900: 1 ? Temperance Union: Local Organization Entertained at Home of Mrs. Aaron Anthony. ? Illinois State Journal. 18 May 1900: 6 ? Womans and Home. ? Du Quoin Weekly Tribune. 23 March 1900: 3

Oligopoly War in Beverage Industry

Question: Discuss about theOligopoly War in Beverage Industry. Answer: Introduction Coca-Cola and Pepsi showed their dominance over the beverage industry like no other company over a century but now both the companies are seeing significant drops in sales due to changes in external environment. Government norms combined with the push in healthy diets in order to fight the obesity have raised an alarm in the CSD sales. In order to stay ahead in the market, both the companies need a proper plan and need to execute them properly as the trend is gradually shifting to non-carbonated drinks so to maintain their sales in their CSD lines, they need to get the market in the non-CSD industry (Baah Bohaker, 2015) . The following report emphasis on both the companies as their external environmental changes and how they are managing these changes as they compete for the market share with the help of Portes five forces model. Barriers to Entry Promotion and Marketing Promotion plays a huge role in the success of any industry and Coke and Pepsi knew this. In the year 2000, they spent approximately $2.6 billion. Expenditure per point of market share was about $8.3 million which makes it very difficult for the new companies to make their presence in this highly populated market. Brand Image Both the companies have invested a lot of money for their brand promotion which in return got them a huge brand equity and also got them loyal customers from all parts therefore it is becomes quite difficult for any new comer to match that level. Retail Distribution As both the companies invest a lot on promotion which gives them a high brand image and loyal customers due to which many retailers want to sell their products and also the retailers get their margins which are enough for them. This bracket of margins makes it difficult for the new companies to persuade the retailers to sell their products (Rothaermel, 2015). Fear of Retaliation It is very difficult for the new companies to sell their new products where there are already big players dominating the market so the new players will not get any chance to enter the market easily which would result in price wars and new product lines to make their presence (E. Dobbs, 2014). Bottling Network Many manufactures have tie ups with their respective bottlers such as Pepsi and Coke that have an advantage in their geographic area. These contracts restrict the bottlers from taking on any new brands with similar products. It makes very difficult for the new companies to make any sort of tie ups with the bottlers in order to sell their products due to the agreement between the bottler and the franchise. With this, the new companies are left with the single alternative and that is to build their own plants, which will require huge capital (Magretta, 2013). Intensity of the Rivalry Composition Except for the Coke and Pepsi, all the competitors in the local market are in disproportionate size. Both the companies are holding the majority of the market compared to the rest of the players (Magretta, 2013). Growth Rate There will be no growth in the near future as all the sectors are seeing a decline of 1.1 percent now only. Degree of Diversification Coke and Pepsi both are well renowned companies in their respective grounds. They both compete mainly on advertising rather than the pricing. Coca-Cola is having more brand value for which they have earned a loyalty among the customers world-wide (Rothaermel, 2015). Fame As both the companies fight for the market share, they often try to overcome the later in order to gather more fame so that the customer base for the company increases and they earn more profit ("The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy", 2017). Bargaining Power of the Buyers The major source of these companies is the retail stores in order to grab the market. This clearly shows the buyer power and how buyers pay for the different products based on their power of negotiation. As the buyers purchase in bulk, the bargaining power of the buyers are high. Due to high bargaining power, there can be very little profit if they buy from different buyers. Another way is the use of Vending machines which delivers the product straight to the customers with exactly no power given to the buyer (Heimeshoff Klein, 2014). Customers always look for the price and even can switch to other brands if the pricing does not suite the customers as soft drinks are not an important commodity (E. Dobbs, 2014). Bargaining Power of Suppliers The materials require to manufacture soft drinks are basic commodities like the flavor, color, sugar and many more. The suppliers who sell these products have nothing to bargain for so the suppliers cannot bargain in return. The raw materials which are required to make the soft drinks are easily available to producers and cost less also. As the raw materials are easily accessible to manufactures, so they can easily switch to different suppliers. Duplicity of soft drinks is not possible as standard raw materials are used. Manufactures need robust distribution network which the suppliers cannot afford (Haucap et al., 2013). The manufactures need to keep good contact with the suppliers as there are no substitutes to the product required to make the soft drinks (E. Dobbs, 2014). Threat of Substitute Substituting main commodities will hamper with the quality of the product. Customers will not go for any substitutes because brand name is very important for any company (Sheu Gao, 2014). Soft drink companies spend a lot of money on advertisement to promote their company and to distinguish their product from the others so in order to stand up to the expectation they need to provide the end customers with the original product (E. Dobbs, 2014). Recommendation The success behind Coke industry is because of their non-alcoholic beverages and related products. They need to keep good contact with the suppliers in order to maintain their reputation and it is also important for the company to maintain their brand image in front of their customers. They need to make some products other than their usual line up in order to stay ahead of the market so that they can rule out their customers. Conclusion The two giants of the beverage industry are Pepsi and Coca-Cola which are now recognized all over the world. Both companies made a blunder by engaging themselves in fighting resulting in declining of sales. Both the companies struggle in dominating the market as both are in CSD lines and do not have any non-CSD lines operations. Consumer taste are changing constantly so both the companies to need to come up with some new ideas in order to grab the market. The best way is to come up with the new non-CSD lines and acquire non-CSD brands that are having efficient operations and productions. References Baah, S., Bohaker, L. (2015). The Coca-Cola Company.Culture,16, 17. Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. Haucap, J., Heimeshoff, U., Klein, G. J., Rickert, D., Wey, C. (2013).Bargaining power in manufacturer-retailer relationships(No. 107). DICE Discussion Paper. Heimeshoff, U., Klein, G. (2014). Bargaining Power and Local Heroes. Magretta, J. (2013).Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy. Harvard business press. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Sheu, J. B., Gao, X. Q. (2014). Alliance or no allianceBargaining power in competing reverse supply chains.European Journal of Operational Research,233(2), 313-325. The Five Competitive Forces That Shape Strategy. (2017). Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 20 February 2017, from https://hbr.org/2008/01/the-five-competitive-forces-that-shape-strategy)